PRONOUNS OF POWER AND SOLIDARITY

a mini research

A.  INTRODUCTION

The analysis of discourse which refers to a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language become  more vary in different fields after scientists from different fields such as linguistic, psychology,anthropology, sociology try to take their part to give the contribution on the development of the discourse principle or theoretical and methodological. The analysis both written and spoken is integrated linguistics with other disciplines show the relationship between language and other discipline. Linguistics refer their principles to the organization of language base its structure, sociolinguistic work stress the importance of social context or social factors in discourse, psychology and psycholinguistics develop theory of transformational grammar - the cognitive aspects of language understanding and production, sociology try to focus on the analysis of everyday conversations and other forms of the prevailing macrosociological approaches to social structure, and anthropology work stress the language use in the socio-cultural context.

There are a number approaches to discourse analysis. It is caused by some different factors which may influence the meaning of an utterance or speech or discourse, so its meaning required explanation. The explanation may connect to linguistics or semantics explanation, or may relate to social context, socio-cultural context, and social semiotic.

The analysis of discourse in terms of spoken becomes interesting to be explained in the ways of linguistics and social context brought together. It assumed that people who are involved in a communication try to share their feeling and thought by using a system of language in terms of linguistics items. They try to choose linguistics items which hearers know and understand. Linguistics items which are systematically shape meaning. It developed based on the community of the speaker. Every community has different linguistic and items or language structure but the same community have the same perception about their language.

When someone communicate with other people, he or she should try to know with whom he/she speaks, where and when he speaks, then try to find an appropriate language. There are very specifics norms which may vary from society to society such as the way of people great someone.

There some ways people may address someone. They may use his/her first name, last name, or his/her title and so on. When address someone, a speaker try to choose words carefully, to show their relationship (speaker and addressee). The social relation between speaker and addressee reflected in power and solidarity. A speaker uses language not only to express but to create a representation of himself / herself in relation to others with whom she/he is interacting.

Language can be used to express role of relationships between individuals. Brown and Gilman (1960), studying the semantics of pronoun address, found that there is “covariation between the pronoun used and the objective relationship existing between speaker and addressee.” While their focus is pronoun use, their argument can be generalized to include any of a speaker’s linguistic choices. Speakers position themselves in relation to others by using specific linguistic forms that convey social information. A single utterance can reveal much about a speaker: his/her background, place of birth or nation of origin, social class, or even social intent, that is, whether she/he wants to appear friendly or distant, familiar or deferential, superior or inferior (Polly Sterling,2000).For instance, In Louisiana public schools, linguistic forms have been legislated in the hopes that mandating students’ use of “ma’am,” “sir,” and courtesy titles (“Mr.” and “Ms.”) will create respect for teachers. The students say “Mr. Smith” to the teacher but receive “Joe” or “Susie.”  Another example, Americans frequently used the term sister and brother to indicate close and equal. In Indonesia, there are many pronouns can be used to addressee such as kamu, engkau, anda, saudara, and soon.

In relation to explanation above, the writer are interested to investigate the pronouns which are used by characters in movie ‘Satu Jam Saja’ to show their power and solidarity under the title “Pronouns of Power and Solidarity”

B.   Research Question

The study was intended to answer the questions:

1.      How the pronouns are used by characters in movie ‘Satu Jam saja’ to show their power and solidarity?

2.      What kinds of pronouns are used by the characters?

C.  Scope of The Problem

The study was limited is to investigate the pronouns which are used by characters in movie ‘Satu Jam saja’ to show their power and solidarity and kinds of pronouns which are used by every character.Power is self-explanatory bases on physical strength, wealth, age, sex, institutionalized role in the church, the state, the army, or within the family and Solidarity is the social distance between the characteristics they shared (Hudson, 1960). How much experience they have shared, how many social characteristics they share (religion, sex, region of origin, race, occupation, interest, etc.).

D.  Literary Review

1.      Concept of Power and Solidarity

The dimensions of power and solidarity have been fundamental to sociolinguistic theory since Brown and Gilman (1960) introduced the concept in relation to the pronoun system. They introduced the framework of power and solidarity by reference to the linguistic choices that must be made in languages that have "polite" and "familiar" forms of the second person pronoun.. The "polite" pronoun, referred to as "V" from the French VDUS, corresponds to the modern Greek £0£1<; "you". The "familiar" pronoun, referred to as "T" from French tu, corresponds to modern Greek eou "you". In English, which does not have two second person pronouns to choose from, address terms are roughly parallel: title-last-name corresponds to the V pronoun, while use of first name corresponds to T.

a.      Power

The definitions of power from different views are presented as follows:

a)      Power is a relationship between at least two persons and it is nonreciprocal in the sense that both cannot have power in the same area of behavior (Brown and Gilman, 1960).

b)      Power is self-explanatory (Hudson,1980)

c)      Power is the degree to which one interlocutor is able to control the behavior of the other (Polly Sterling, 2000)

There are many bases of power- physical strength, wealth, age, sex, institutionalized role in the church, the state, the army, or within the family. The relation called older than, parent of, richer than, stronger than, and noble,than are all asymmetrical and attended the same school or have the same parents, or practice the same profession are a set of relations which are symmetrical.

b.      Solidarity

Solidarity is a relationship which is based on similarity or even sameness of salient characteristics in two (or more) persons(Edward Thomas,1998). "attended the same school or have the same parents or practice the same profession". Such relationships are reciprocal, i.e. they obtain equally for both individuals. The varying aspect of the solidarity dimension is its intensity, or degree of solidarity, ranging from close intimacy to distant reserve. The former type of relationship is likely to be marked by mutual exchange of first names, while the latter by reciprocal use of titles and last names.

Solidarity concerns the social distance between the characteristics they shared (Hudson, 1960). How much experience they have shared, how many social characteristics they share (religion, sex, region of origin, race, occupation, interest, etc.)

Solidarity forms express intimacy and familiarity (Polly Sterling, 2000). Solidarity can be achieved in interactions where interlocutors share some common attribute — for instance, attendance at the same school, work in the same profession, membership in the same family, etc. The solidary relationship is symmetrical in that if Speaker A has the same parents (or attended the same school, etc.) as Speaker B, then B has the same parents as A. It is important to note that not every shared personal attribute creates solidarity. For example, two people who have the same     color eyes or same shoe size will not automatically have an intimate relationship. But should they share political membership, religion, birthplace or other common attributes “that make for like-mindedness or similar behavior dispositions,” the likelihood of a solidary relationship increases

2.      Linguistics Signal of Power and Solidarity

Linguistics signal which shows power-solidarity relation reflected in some items such as noun phrases, verb form, and vocabulary level.

a.       Noun phrases

The sensitive items include ordinary noun phrases, built round common noun, when used as vocatives. For instance, according to Mitchell (1975) there is a widespread practice, possibly typical of Muslim communities, whereby the older generations affectionately address the younger with the term that is properly reciprocated to them by the younger”. Thus in Barbar (spoken in North Africa) a mother might call her children yamma. In English the sensitive items are personal names, and in French they include the pronoun ‘you’. Brown and Gilman (1960)describe covariation between the pronoun used and the objective relationship existing between speaker and addressee -semantic evolution of the pronouns of address in certain European languages. For instance he described pronoun usage followed the rule of nonreciprocal T-V between persons of unequal power and the rule of mutual V or T (according to social-class membership) between person of roughly equivalent power in French, English, Italian, Spanish and German.

b.      Verb form

Verbs are signals of power and solidarity in some language such as in Japanese, Korean, and Persian. In Korean there are no less than six distinct suffixes which reflect different power-solidarity relation between speaker and addressee, and a verb must have one of these suffixes attached to it (Martin 1964). The six suffixes fall into two groups, three reflecting different degrees positive solidarity (‘plain’, ‘intimate’, ‘and ‘familiar’ and three reflecting different power relations between people with low solidarity (‘polite’, ‘authoritative’, and deferential.

c.       Vocabulary level

A good example of this found in Javanese (Geertz,1960), which offers a range of alternative forms, listed in lexicon, for each of a large number of meanings.

3.      The Pronouns system

The pronoun system is introduced by Brown and Gilman (1960). They create six categories of persons defined by their relations to a speaker showed in figure below:

   

                        Superiors & Solidarity    Superior & not Solidarity

                            Equal & Solidarity       Equal & not Solidarity

                                                                                           

 Inferiors & Solidary      Inferior & not Solidarity  

                                                            

Tu (T),being used to a close subordinate and vos (V), being used to a distant superior. It is used to refer to someone with greater power. Both tu and vos mean ‘you’.

For the upper left, power indicates V and solidarity T. for the lower right, power indicates T and solidarity V.

Example: The superior say T and receives V, The master of household says T to his slave and receives V. German pronounce usage followed the rule of nonreciprocal  T-V between person of unequal and the rule of mutual V or T (according to social-class membership) between people of roughly equivalent power.

Power superiors may be solidarity (parents, elder siblings) or not solidarity (officials whom one seldom sees). Power inferiors, similarly, may be as solidarity as the old family, retainer, and as remote as the waiter in a strange restaurant.

            Indonesia language has many pronouns which is used to great someone. According to Y.E Budiana, There are at least 22 the pronoun used and the objective relationship existing between speaker and addressee in Indonesia. They are kamu, engkau, anda, dikau, kalian, abang, saudara,, om, papi, mas, bapak, tuan, kakak, paman, ibu, tante, adik, nona, saudari, nyonya, bibi, mbak, dan nama. All of these words have the same meaning with ‘you’ in English but have the differences between them in used.Y.EBudiana have been investigated it and found that ‘kamu’(34%) and “name” (48%) used by  people to show that they are a close friend (T-solidarity), 5% wife usedkamuto their husband, 12% husband useskamu to their wife. (24%) wife calls her wife by his name, (28%) husband call his wife her name.

E.   FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

1.      Finding

They writer found four categories of characters in a movie “Satu Jam saja” defined by their relations to a speaker. It can be seen their utterances below:

1.      Superior and Solidarity

Extract 1:

Andika: benaran dis, kamu gak apa-apa? Aku antar ke dokter yuk

(Andika: dis, you are really fine? Let me totake you doctor)

Gadis: gak usah, gue…….aku gak apa-apa kok

(Gadis: never mind, i……. I am fine)

:kamu kok jalan kaki si? Motornya mana?

               : why were you back home on food? Where is your motorcycle?

Andika: motor……motor di servis…..

(Andika: motorcycle……motorcycle is servicing)

Andika as husband of Gadis addressed her wife by using pronounce dis’- her short name and kamu and he was addressed kamu by his wife. When both of them talked, they tried to use the appropriate pronouns to indicate that they are in the  same position as parents (superior) and show that they have a close relationship (solidarity).

2.      Equal and not solidarity

Extract 2:

FO :selamat pagi pak

(FO: good morning, sir)

Hans: pagi,servis mbak sekalian check up

(Hans: Morning, service and also check up, mbak)

Fo: baikpak

(Fo: okey, sir)

Hans: lama gak? Kalo lama nantisayatinggaldulu

(Hans: is it take a long time? If it is, I will leave it)

FO: .Sebentaryapak, ….jam 2 siangsudahselesaipak,

(FO: wait a moment sir,….. it will be finished at two o’clock)

Hans: baiknanti jam 2 sayaambil

(Hans: okey, I’ll take it at 2 o’clock)

A girl who are in a repair shop as a front office addressed Hans who want to service her car by using pronounce pak and she was addressed by pronouns ‘mbak. The using of pronouns pak and mbak indicate that both of the speaker tried to locate their self in their positions as a worker and client, and they tried to show their relation as superior but not solidarity. They may have the same position (equal) but in different places and it seemed they did not have a closed relationship (not solidarity).

3.      Equal and Solidarity:

Extract 3:

Hans: “Gue mau minta maaf sama loe, gue benar-benar mau minta maaf. Gue goblok waktu itu ‘dik”

(Hans: “I want to beg your forgiveness, I am really really sorry. I was stupid, dik”)

Dika: Gila loe Hans. Loe tega lakuin itu sama dia. Kenapa dia yang harus loe kerjain, kenapa bukan perempuan lain

(Dika: you are stupid, Hans, you brought your self do this to her. Why should you did it to her, why you did not it do to another girl)

            Hans as Dika’s best friend use pronounce ‘loe and his name to Dika, and he also receive the same pronounce. In this extract 3, the speaker and hearer used the pronouns to show their closed relationnship as a friends. Andika used prouons loe when he addressed his friends. It is different from the extract 1 when he addressed his wife. The relationship between Dika and Hans can be categorised as equal and solidarity because they are attending at the same school and they share birthplace and the same age.

4.      Inferiors and solidarity

Extract 4:

Hasti: kamu apa kabar si?

(Hasti: how are you)

Gadis: baik, kamu

(Gadis: fine, You?)

Hasti: kamu kapan sampainya?

(Hasti: when did you arrive?)

Gadis: tadi malam

(Gadis: Last night)

Hasti: sama siapa? Sama bunda?

(Hasti: with whom? With bunda?)

Hasti as a cousin of Gadis and she feels younger than her uses pronounce ‘kamu to address Gadis, but gadis who is older than her, address her in the same way. It can be seen from extract 4 that the speaker and hearer tried to used pronouns kamu, and avoid to used pronuon loe. They showed that they are in the same position in family as a children (inferior and solidarity) and gadis did not thing the age as a factors to look at her relationship with her cousin as not solidarity.

           

It can be seen from extract 1 until extract 4 the using of different pronouns to show the power and solidarity. Different pronouns used to address different character. Different pronoun used to address a character ( Andika), in extract 1, he addressed by using pronouns kamu, and in extract 3, he called by using pronouns loe, Hans in extract 2 called by using pronouns pak and loe in extract 3.

The writer also found some utterances of the characters that try to show their asymmetric relation (such mother of, uncle of) but cannot be categorized into the kind of relation above. It can be seen in dialogue between mother of Gadis and Dika (Gadis’ Husband), Dika and his uncle, doctor and Gadis, Doctor and Andika as follows:

Extract 5:

Bunda: gadis sudah cerita semua sama bunda. Kenapa kamu lakukan itu?

(Bunda: Gadis has been told to me, why did you do like this?

Andika: lakukan apa ya Bunda?

(Andika: what I have done, mom?)

Bunda: kenapa kamu mau bertanggung jawab untuk sesuatu yang sebetulnya bukan tanggung jawab kamu?

(Bunda: Why did you take a responsible for something you did not do?)

Andika: karena rasa bersalah saya bunda

(Andika: I feel this was my fault mom)

Bunda: kamu tidak salah, kamu tidak salah apa-apa?

(Bunda: this was not your fault)

Andika: itu kesalahan saya bunda, karena saya tidak bisah menjaga gadis

(Hans: this was my fault; I should take care her)

Bunda: bukan itu salah gadis, dan Hans……..kenapa kamu

(Bunda: this was a fault of Gadis and Hans)

Andika: karena saya mencintainya. Saya mencintai gadis

(Andika: because I love her, I love Gadis)

Bunda: bagaimana kamu bisah mencintai seseorang yang mungkin tidak mencintai kamu

(Bunda: how could you love someone who did not love you)

Andika: saya ngerti bunda, saya ngerti kalau gadis gak mencintai saya, tapi saya akan sabar, saya akan tungguh sampai gadis bisah mencintai saya, walaupun itu hanya satu jam saja

(Andika: I understand, I know Gadis never loves me, but I’ll  be patient, I’ll wait her until she can love me, while it is only for a hour

Extract 6:

OmDika          : om betul-betul tidak mengerti sama kamuAndika……….

(Dika’s Uncle  : I real really could not understand you, Andika….)

Andika            : iya, saya mengerti om, tapi tolonglah om ijinin sayakerja di sini

(Andika:okey, I understand sir, but please, let me work here, sir)

Dika uncle called dika by using pronounce kamu and name and Dika call him om

Extract 7:

Dokter: ibu gadis, dari hasil pemerikasaan tadi, saya sarankan ibu’ untuk lebih banyak istirahat….

(dokter: Mrs. Gadis, by looking at your check up, I suggest you to take more  rest)

Gadis: iya dok,

(Gadis: yes, I’ll do, doctor)

Extract 8:

Dokter: bapakAndika

(docter: Mr. Andika)

Andika: iya dok

(Andika: yes, docter)

Dokter: istribapakmana?

(Docter: Where is your wife)

Andika: kebetulanistrisayatidakikutdok, diaada di rumah

(Andika: my wife doesn’t come with me, she is at home)

. It can be seen from extract 5, how both speaker use different pronouns to show their asymmetrical relation. Andika chose the pronouns bunda to indicate his his position as a child, and mother of gadis chose a normal pronouns kamu to address him. In extract 6, doctor try to called Gadis (her patient) by use pronouns ibu to indicate the patient’s position as a mother, and used pronouns bapak to Andika as father. Gadis and Andika try to used pronouns dok (initial of dokter which is in English called Doctor) to indicate their addressee’s profession. It can be said that the pronouns in these extract (extract 5, 6, 7, 8) used to show the position of each character.

2.      DISCUSSION

There are some ways a character can be addressed by other character. Andika sometimes addressed by using pronounce loe, dik, kamu, andbapakthen he sometimes addresses other characters by using pronounceloe,characters’ name( Hans, Dis), kamu, om, bunda, and dok.He addressed loe or dik  by his best friend,kamu or dik by his wife,bapak by the doctor and he also uses different pronouns when he addresses his wife, his best friend, the doctor, and his mother in law. It seems that pronouns are used to express role relationships between characters. As Brown and Gilman (1960), stated that there is “covariation between the pronoun used and the objective relationship existing between speaker and addressee.

The relationship between characters who involved in conversation can be seen as symmetrical relations or asymmetric. Relations which symmetrical are attended the same school or have the same parents, or practice the same profession,(extract 1 and extract 3)and relations which asymmetric are older or younger than, parent of, stronger than, and noble than (extract 4, extract 2, extract 5, extract 6, and extract 7)

Another dimension in the semantic system on the level of power equivalents which views pronouns as means of differentiating address among power equals introduced by Brown and Gilman (1960). There are six categories of persons defined by their relations, superior and solidary (extract 1), superior not solidary (extract 2), equal and solidary (extract 3), equal not solidary, inferior and solidary (extract 4), and the last inferior and not solidary. Superior and solidary shown by Andika and Gadis as husband and wife which use the same pronouns kamu and nick name (dik and dis)

It seems that power superiors may be solidary (parents: Andika and Gadis in extract 1) or not solidary (officials whom one seldom sees: Hans and FO in extract 2). Power inferiors, similarly, may be as solidarity as the old family, retainer, and as remote as the waiter in a strange restaurant (this kind of relation does not exist in this movie) or not solidary (cousin who are older or younger than: Gadis and Hasti).

There are 8 pronouns can be found in this movie that the characters use to define their relation. They arekamu, name or nick name of characters, loe, bapak/pak, ibu, bunda, mbak, and om.All of these pronouns have the same meaning with you (Y.E. Budiana).

F.   CONCLUSION

            There characters in a movie “Satu Jam saja” defined by their relations to a speaker by using 8 different pronouns. They use pronouns kamu, name or nick name of characters, loe, bapak/pak, ibu, bunda, mbak, and omto show their power and solidarity, but there is no certain pronouns to indicate a superior or inferior speaker or character. It is not the same with T-V which exist in some countries in Europa. 

            Although it is difficult to decide T-V pronouns but it seems that every character in this film tries to choose an appropriate pronoun to show their power and solidarity for instance Dika uses loeor name to address his friend, uses pronunskamuor name to address his wife and avoid using loeto address his wife.

REFERENCES

Budiana, Y.E. ____.”KlasifikasidanDeskripsi “You” dalamBahasaIndonesia KaitannyadenganDimensi “Tu-Vous.Semarang: Universitas: Soegijapranta.

Brown, R. and Gilman, A. 1960.The Pronouns of Power and Solidarityin T.A. Sebeok (ed), Style in Language, MIT Press, 1960, pp.253-76

Chaer, H. danAgustina, L. 2010.Sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: RinekaCipta.

Hudson, R.A. 1984. Sociolingustics. London: Cambridge University Press.

Sterling, Polly. _____ Identity in Language: An Exploration into the Social Implications of Linguistic Variation. Texas: A&M University

Tannen, D. and Kakava, C. 1992. Power and Solidarity, in Modern Greek Conversation:Disagreeing to Agree. Journal of Modern Greek Studies 10:1. Pg 11-34

2012