THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION


1.     
INTRODUCTION
To understand generative morphology, we have to know the principles underlying it.  In general, there are some principles. The principles states that generative transformational is the theory of competence: the native speaker’s knowledge about his language; that language has creative innovative characteristic: the ability of native speaker to generate new sentences; it’s a set of rules that give structural description to sentence (Chomsky 1965:3-9).
There are two models of generative morphology generally used in the world of linguistics, namely, halle’s model and Aronoff’s model.  Halle’s model consist of four components: list of morpheme, word formation rules (WFR), filter, and dictionary, while the component of Aronoff’s model are dictionary, word formation rules, readjustment rule, phonological rules and output.
In the formation English words, the step that must be taken is to list sets of words use as the bases of word formation rules (WFR) in the dictionary (Aronoff’s component)  After that the next job of the linguist is to formulate a set of word formation rules. In English noun itself there are 24 rules. The rules state that some English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix –ion, -ty, -ment, -ness, -hood, -ance, -ence, -er/or, -ce, -cy, -al, -ee, -an, -ism, -ist, -acy, -age, -dom, -ry/ery, -ure, -y, -th, -ant, and –ing. After adding the suffix and it’s still ungrammatical or unacceptable, must first go through the readjustment processes and then go through the phonological processes.
 
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ion
a.      Dictionary
For the formation of English Nouns with suffix –ion, first we list all the words or stem used as the base of the word formation rules in the dictionary (3-1) as the first component of generative morphology of Aronoff’s model as follows:
(3-1) (a) [compete]v                                              (g) [rebel]v
         (b) [Educate]v                                              (h) [repeat]v
         (c) [Examine]v                                             (i) [reveal]v
         (d) [Exclude]v                                              (j) [resolve]v
         (e) [Express]v                                               (k) [resume]v
          (f) [Justify]v
b.      Word Formation Rule
The rule for the formation of English noun with the suffix –ion can be formulated as follows:
(NFR) [X]v             [[X]v + [-ion]suf]N
                                 Semantics: “the act of Xing
The (NFR-1) state that English noun can be formed by adding the suffix –ion to the base consisting of verbs as found in dictionary (3-1) with the meaning of “the act of X+ing”
c.       Underlying the Representation
By applying (NFR-1), the following underlying representation can be generated:
[#[compete]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[educate]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[examine]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[exclude]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[express]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[justify]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[repeat]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[resolve]v + [-ion]suf#]N
[#[resume]v + [-ion]suf#]N
All of the above underlying representations are ungrammatical or unacceptable. There are underlying representations which are phonologically unacceptable; and there are underlying representations which are phonologically and morphologically unacceptable. The underlying representations which are phonologically unacceptable must go through certain phonological processes; and the underlying representation which are phonologically and morphologically unacceptable must first go through the readjustment processes and then through the phonological processes.


d.      Readjustment Rule
The following unacceptable underlying representations:

*#[examine/igzæmin/]v + [-ion]suf #]N
*#[reveal/rivi:l/]v + [-ion]suf #]N
Must go through a readjustment process in which the formative at is inserted at the end of the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated as follows:
(RR-1)       [base]v + [-ion]suf ]N
       1             2
   1+at          2
                This rule states that the base takes the formative at when the the suffix –ion is added to the base.
e.       Surface Representation
By applying (RR-1), the following surface representations can be generated:
*#[examine + at]v + [-ion]suf #]N
*#[reveal + at]v + [-ion]suf #]N
These surface representations are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain phonological process. The rules for phonological process will be formulated later
      The following unacceptable underlying representations:
                  *[#[compete]v + [-ion]suf#]N
                  *[#[repeat]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Must go through a readjustment process in which the formative it is inserted at the end of the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated in the following:
(PR-2)       [base]v + [-ion]suf ]N
1                                  2
1 + it            2
            This rule states that the base takes the formative it when the suffis –ion is added to the base.
            The application of (RR-2) generated the following surface representation:
                  *[#[compete + it]v + [-ion]suf#]N
                  *[#[repeat + it]v + [-ion]suf#]N
These surface representations are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain phonological processes whose rules will be formulated later.


The following unacceptable underlying representation
*[#[justify]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Must go through a readjustment process in which the formative cat is inserted at the end of the base when suffix –ion is added to the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated in the following:
(PR-3)             [[base]v + [-ion]suf#]N
1                                2
1+cat         2
This rule states that the base takes the formative cat when the suffix –ion is added to the base.
            The application of (PR-3) can generate the following surface representation:
                                    *[#[justify+cat]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Which is phonologically unacceptable, so that it must go through certain phonological processes.
The following unacceptable underlying representation:
                                    *[#[resolve]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Must go through readjustment process in which the formative ut is inserted at the end of the base when the suffix –ion is added to the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated in the following:
(RR-4)                                     [[base]v + [-ion]suf]N
                                                    1                 2
                                                     1+ut            2
This rule state that the base takes the formative ut when the suffix –ion is added to the base.
           


The application of (RR-4) can be generate the following surface representation:
                                    *[#[resolve+ut]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Which is phonologically unacceptable, so that ir must go through certain phonological process.
f.       Phonological Rule
The following unacceptable surface representation:
*[#[examine+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N
            Must go through one phonological process called assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative at changes to the fricative consonant phoneme /š/ when the suffix –ion is added to the base. The phonological rule for this assimilation can be formulated as follows:
(PR-1)                   C                                          C
-Sonorant                                -sonorant
                        +anterior                                  +anterior           
                        +coronal                                  +coronal                   /………+[-ion]
                        -strident                                   +strident
-voice                                      -voice

This phonological rule states that the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative at becomes the fricative consonant phoneme /š/ due to the addition of the suffix –ion
The whole processes of derivation can be described in the following:
UR                                            : *[#[examine/igzæmin]v + [-ion]suf#]N
RR-1 insertion of at                    : *[#[examine+at/igzæmineit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-1    /t/         /š/                      : *[#[igzæmineiš]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                   
   : [examination/igzæmineišən/]v + [-ion]suf#]N




The following unacceptable representation:
                        *[#[reveal+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Must go through phonological process, namely, shortening in which the long vowel phoneme /i:/ in the second syllable becomes the short vowel phoneme /i/; and assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative at becomes the fricative consonant phoneme /š/. The phonological rule that handles the first phonological process can be formulated as follows:
(PR-2)                              V                                       
+syllabic                                  +syllabic                     
                        +high                                       +high
                        -back                                       -back                           /CVC C
                        +long                                       -long

This phonological rule states that the long vowel phoneme /i:/ in the  last syllable becomes the short vowel phoneme /i/ when the formative at is added to the base.
            Thus, the whole process of derivation can be describe as follow:
(SR)                                         :*[#[reveal+at/rivi:leit/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-2    /i:/        /i/                     : *[#[/rivileit/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-1    /t/         /š/                    : [#[/rivileiš/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                     : [revelation/rivileišən/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
The following unacceptable surface representation:
                        :*[#[repeat+it]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(PR-3)                            V                                             V
                                    +syllabic                                  +syllabic
                                    +high                                       -high                            /C….CVC
                                    -back                                       -back
                                                                                    -low

(SR)                                         :*[#[repeat+it/ripi:tit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(PR-2)    /i:/             /i/             :*[#[/ripitit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(PR-3)   /i/               /e/            :*[#[/repitit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(PR-1)   /t/             /š/               :*[#[/repitiš]v + [-ion/išən]suf#]N
Output                                     : [repetition/repetišən]suf#]

*[#[justify+cat]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(PR)         V                                V                                            V
            +syllabic                      +syllabic                      +syllabic
            -back               +          +high                           +high               /CVCCVC…
            +low                            -back                           -back
                                                                                    -round
SR                                           :*[#[justify+cat/jɅstifaikeit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-4    /ai/         /i/                   :*[#[jɅstifikeit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-1  /t/             /š/                   :*[#[jɅstifikeiš]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                     : [justification/jɅstifikeišən/]

                                    *[#[resolve+ut]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-5
                                       V                                             V
                                    +syllabic                                  +syllabic
                                    +high                                       -high                            /CVC….C
                                    +round                                                -back
                                                                                    -low
                                                                                    -round

PR-6        C
            -syllabic
            -anterior                       ɵ/………#
-coronal
+voice
PR-7
                           V                                             V
                        +syllabic                                  +syllabic
                        +high                                       -high                            /CVCVC….C
                        +round                                                -back
                        -long                                        -long
                                                                                   
SR                                           :*[#[resolve+ut/rizolvut/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-2  /i/           /e/                    :*[#[/rezolvut/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-5  /o/          /ə/                    :*[#[/rezəlvut/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-6 Deletion of /v/                :*[#[/rezəlut/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-1 /t/            /š/                     :*[#[/rezəluš/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                     :[resolution/rezəlu:šən/]
                                   







*[#[express]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-8
                            C                                            C
+anterior                                  +high  
                        +coronal                                  +coronal                   /………#                                    -voice                                      -voice
                        +continuant                             +continuant
                        + Strident                                +strident
UR                              : *[#[express/ikspres/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-8 /s/           /š/         : *[/ikspreš/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                         : [expression/iksprešən/]

                                    *[#[educate]v + [-ion]suf#]N
UR                              : *[#[educate/educeit]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-1 /t/            /š/         : *[#[/eǰuceiš]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                         : [education/eǰuceišən]

                                                *[#[exclude]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-9                      C                                           C
-sonorant                                 +high  
                        +anterior                                  -anterior                    /………#                                    +coronal                                  +coronal
-voice                                      +voice
                        -continuant                              +continuant
                        - Strident                                 +strident


UR                                          : *[#[exclude/iksklu:d]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-9 /d/           /ž/                    : *[/iksklu:ž]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                     : [exclusion/iksklu:žən]

                                                                *[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(PR-10)
                                                C
                        -syllabic
                        Ø                     -consonantal                /………#
+sonorant
+high
-back
+continuant
UR                                          : *[#[rebel/ribel/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-10 addition of /y/              : *[#[/ribel+y/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                     : [rebellion/ribelyən/]
                                   
                                                *[#[resume]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-11                                         C
-syllabic
                                                -consonantal               
+sonorant                    ɵ /CVC…VC#
+high
-back
+continuant

PR-12
                           V                                             V
                        +syllabic                                  +syllabic
                        +high                                       -high                            /CVC….C
                        +round                                                +back
                        +long                                       -low
-round
PR-13
                                      C                                             
+anterior                                             
-coronal                                           /CVCVC……#                     Ø   -voice                                     
                                    -continuant                             
                                    -del rel
PR-14                          C                                               
+anterior                                             
+coronal                                          /CVCVCC……#                              Ø   -voice                                     
                                    -continuant                             
                                    -del rel
UR                                          : *[#[resume/rizyu:m]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-11  deletion of /y/              : *[#[/rizu:m]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-12  /u:/          /Ʌ/                :*[#[/rizyɅm]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-13  insertion of /p/             :*[#[/rizyɅmp]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR-14  insertion of /t/              :*[#[/rizyɅmpt]v + [-ion]suf#]N
PR -1 /t/           /š/                     : *[#[/rizyɅmpš]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Output                                     : [resumption/ rizyɅmpšən]                
2.       The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix – ty
a.      Dictionary
(3-2) (a) (active)Adj                                (g) (loyal)Adj
           (b) (certain)Adj                              (h) (novel)Adj
         (c) (continue)v                              (i) (safe)Adj
         (d) (cruel)Adj                                  (j) (similar)Adj
         (e) electric()Adj                             (k) (special)Adj
         (f) (frail)Adj                                   
b.      Word formation Rules
(NFR-2) [[X]v/Adj + [-ty]suf]N
c.       Underlying representation
[#[active]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N                  [#[loyal]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
[#[certain]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N                [#[novel]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
[#[continue]v + [-ty]suf#]N                [#[safe]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
[#[cruel]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N                   [#[similar]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
[#[electric]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N               [#[special]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
[#[frail]Adj + [-ty]suf#]
d.      Phonological Rules
PR-15                                     V
                        [+syllabic]
Ø                     [+high]            /……….#
                        [-back]
PR-17          C                                 C    
+syllabic                      +anterior                         V                 
                                    -high                            +coronal                      +syllable
                                    +back                          -voice              /….      +high
                                    -voice                          +continuant                 -back
                                    -continuant                  +strident
                                    -del rel
PR-16                     V                                  V
                             +syllabic                      +syllabic
                             -high                            -back               /CVCVC..CVCV
                             +back                          +low
                             -low
                             -round
            UR                                          : *[#[active/æktiv/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                PR-15 insertion of/i/                : *[#[/æktiv+i/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                Output                                     :   [activity/æktiv/]
           
            UR                                          : *[#[continue/kəntinyu:/]v + [-ty]suf#]N
            PR-15 insrtion of /i/                :*[#[/kəntinyu:+i/]v + [-ty]suf#]N
                Output                                     : [continuiity/kəntinyu:/]

            UR                                          : *[#[similar/similə/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                PR-52  insertion of /r/              : *[#[/similə+r/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                PR-15 insertion of /i/               : *[#[/similə+r+i/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                PR-16 /ə/         /æ/                   :  [similarity/similæriti/]

            UR                                          : *[#[electric/elektrik/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                PR-15 insertion of /i/               : *[#[/elektrik+i/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
                PR-17  /k/        /s/                     : *[#[/elektriks+i/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
            Output                                     : [electricity/elektrisiti/]
               
3.       The formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ment
a.      Dictionary

(3-3) (a) [abolish]v                                 (f) [invest]v
           (b) [Achieve]v                              (g) [manage]v
         (c) [Assign]v                                 (h) [measure]v
         (d) [fulfill]v                                   (i) [postpone]v
            (e) [govern]v                                 (j) [resent]v

b.      Word formation rule

(NFR-3)    [X]v                   [[X]v + [-ment]suf]N


c.       Underlying representation
[#[abolish/]v+ [ment]suf#]N               [#[invest/]v+ [ment]suf#]N
[#[achieve/]v+ [ment]suf#]N              [#[manage/]v+ [ment]suf#]N
[#[assign/]v+ [ment]suf#]N [#[measure/]v+ [ment]suf#]N
[#[fulfillment/]v+ [ment]suf#]N       [#[postpone/]v+ [ment]suf#]N
[#[govern/]v+ [ment]suf#]N               [#[resent/]v+ [ment]suf#]N
            The underlying representation above are acceptable, so that they can directly become the output without going through the readjustment rule and phonological rule
         (a) [abolishment]                                        (f) [investment]
           (b) [Achievement]                                     (g) [management]
         (c) [Assignment]                                        (h) [measurement]
         (d) [fulfillment]                                          (i) [postponement]
            (e) [government]v                                       (j) [resentment]

4.       The formation of English noun with the suffix –ness
a.      Dictionary
(3-4) (a) [clean]Adj                                  (g) [mad]Adj
(b) [fast]Adj                                    (h) [polite]Adj
(c) [fine]Adj                                    (i) [rude]Adj
(d) [kind]Adj                                  (j) [short]Adj
(e) [lazy]Adj                                    (k) [sweet]Adj
(f) [like]Adj
b.      Word formation rule
(NFR-4)    [X]Adj               [[X]Adj + [-ness]suf]N

c.       Underlying representation
[#[clean]v+ [-ness]suf#]N                    [#[mad]v+ [-ness]suf#]N
[#[fast]v+ [-ness]suf#]N                       [#[polite]v+ [-ness]suf#]N
[#[fine]v+ [-ness]suf#]N                       [#[rude]v+ [-ness]suf#]N
[#[kind]v+ [-ness]suf#]N                     [#[short]v+ [-ness]suf#]N
[#[lazy]v+ [-ness]suf#]N                      [#[sweet]v+ [-ness]suf#]N
[#[like]v+ [-ness]suf#]N
 All of the underlying representations above are already acceptable, so that they can directly become the output without going through the readjustment rule and the phonological rule as follow:
(a)    [cleanness]                                  (g) [madness]
(b)   [fastness]                                    (h) [politeness]
(c)    [fineness]                                    (i) [rudeness]
(d)   [kindness]                                   (j) [shortness]
(e)    [laziness]                                    (k) [sweetness]
(f)    [likeness]

5.       The Formative of English Nouns With the suffix -hood
a.       Dictionary
(3-5) (a) [bachelor]N                                               (e) [father]N
           (b) [boy]N                                                        (f) [mother]N
           (c) [brother]N                                                  (g) [priest]N

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition (MARYSIA JOHNSON)

The book is divided into two parts. Although several major current SLA theories and models are described and discussed in Part One, “Following the Cognitive Tradition” the purpose of this part of the book is not to introduce the reader to the fundamental principles of existing theories and models. The main purpose of Part One is to illustrate the strong cognitive and experimental bias of current SLA models and theories and to advocate the application of a new framework that would remedy this bias. Part one consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of three major scientific research traditions: behaviorism, cognitive-computational, and dialogical. Chapter 2 provides a historical overview of SLA as a scientific field. The purpose of this overview is to explain the origin of this field and to illustrate the general trend of its adherence to the rules and norms established in other scientific fields. That is, after behaviorism, SLA turned to cognitive psychology for gui...
Read more

Sejarah Lahirnya dan arti kata “Kristen”

Diadaptasi dari buku “Lepas dari Belenggu” karangan Dr.Nabeel T Jabbour” Istilah “Kristen” muncul 2000 tahun yang lalu, dan telah terakumulasi maknanya selama 20 Abad. Istilah tersebut sebenarnya digunakan hanya 3 kali dalam kitab suci. Dalam Kisah Para Rasul, kitab yang menceritakan secara rinci kehidupan orang-orang pertama yang percaya kepada Al-Masih beberapa waktu setelah kematian-Nya, kita membaca: “mereka tinggal bersama-besama dengan   jemaat itu satu tahun lamanya, sambil mengajar banyak orang. Di Anthiokhialah murid itu untuk pertama kalinya disebut Kristen. Pada waktu itu datanglah beberapa nabi dari Yerusalem ke Antiokhia (Kisah 11:26-27)” orang-orang percaya di Antiokhia itu begitu senang menggenal Isa atau Yesus Kristus. Merekah sangat mengidolakan dan mencintai DIA. Ajaran-ajaranNya sangat mempengaruhi mereka. Kelompok orang-orang inilah yang kemudian disebut sebagai orang-orang Kristen ( Yesus atau Isa/ Al-Masih dalam bahasa Yunani dikenal sebagai “Kristus”)...
Read more

Drive by Lyric - Train

On the other side of a street I knew Stood a girl that looked like you I guess that's déjà vu But I thought this can't be true 'Cause you moved to west LA Or New York or Santa Fe Or wherever to get away from me Oh but that one night Was more than just right I didn't leave you 'cause I was all through Oh I was overwhelmed and frankly scared as hell Because I really fell for you Oh I swear to you I'll be there for you This is not a drive by Just a shy guy looking for a two-ply Hefty bag to hold my love When you move me everything is groovy They don't like it sue me Mmm the way you do me Oh I swear to you I'll be there for you This is not a drive by On the upside of a downward spiral My love for you went viral And I loved you every mile you drove away But now here you are again So let's skip the "how you been" And get down to the "more than friends" at last Oh but that one night Is still the hi...
Read more